The 2nd Reich in Germany Rivaled Britain as Superpower of...

In 1871 the nation of Germany formed under the 2nd Reich. Soon after this German nation would begin rivaling the superpowers in Europe of the time. By the beginning of the 20th century, Germany under the leadership of its kaiser would challenge the British Empire for the top power in Europe. In 1914 Germany would throw its self into a war which would end in chaos for its people. The following years after brought hardships that would strike the new Weimar Republic, creating a breading ground for extremists groups. These extremist groups came from both ends of the political spectrum, and were able to push their ideas based on the fears of the middle and upper class, and the strife of the down and out working class. The party that would†¦show more content†¦The Second Reich was a militaristic society that taught order and obedience. Growing up in a militaristic society the average German was taught that to be a good German was to be a good soldier. With ideals like this it was easy for the military to gain favor among the masses. The military expansion was also used as a tool for power, glory, and expansion. Wilhelm II wanted Germany to have a policy of weltpolitik, or for Germany to be a world power. To do this he realized he needed a strong navy to colonize abroad. He sold the navy building as a national project that would benefit all Germans. By doing this he helped instill a stronger sense of national pride in the German people. He also wanted a possible expansion out east. The Naval League and the Colonial League were lobby groups created to pitch lebensraum to the people and push the naval project. Wilhelm II also thought about expanding east which would involve taking part of Russia. This part of his plan would be completed when the Russians dropped out of WWI due to revolution, all though the treaty to take this land wouldnt last long. By instilling extreme nationalism into the German people, the average German was on board with plans for nati onal power and expansion. During the time of the Second Reich attitudes of race and antisemitism started to flare in Germany. Racial overtones began to develop in Germany due to science. ThisShow MoreRelatedOne Significant Change That Has Occurred in the World Between 1900 and 2005. Explain the Impact This Change Has Made on Our Lives and Why It Is an Important Change.163893 Words   |  656 Pagescenturies are almost invariably years of little significance. But there is little agreement over when the twentieth century c.e. arrived, and there were several points both before the year 2000 (the collapse of the Soviet Union, the reunification of Germany, the surge of globalization from the mid-1990s) and afterward (9/11, or the global recession of 2008) when one could quite plausibly argue that a new era had begun. A compelling case can be made for viewing the decades of the global scramble for

Theory of Mille and Modigliani Free-Samples Myassignmenhelp.com

Question: According to Miller and Modigliani Capital Structure Choices affect a Companys real Investment Policy. Evaluate this Statement from a Modern Business Perspective with reference to relevant Academic Literature. Answer: Introduction The report presented below is on the basis of the study made for the capital structure of the company. The discussion of the structure that should be adopted by the company for better decision making in the investment policies is done. It is divided into three parts. The first part shows the concept of the term capital structure, the importance of debt-equity ratio, and the use of the same. The next part explains the ancient theory of capital structure presented by Miller and Modigliani is explained. It is explained that how the theory was made on some assumptions that are not relevant in the business environment in todays scenario. The comparison of the theory and the current working situations is discussed in the next part of the report. How is proper capital structuring required for better working of a company is explained in this part of the report. The report covers the possible aspects of explanation along with ancient theory of capital budgeting and its importance in the inves tment decision made by the companies. Concept Every company needs funds to grow over all and to incur their operational costs. Various funds are encouraged to raise these funds. The process of raising funds is different in different companies. The fund rising could be done by different combinations of equity share capital or debts. If the company opts the equity base revenue generation than the retained amount would be distributed proportionately to the shareholders by the way of dividend. If the company has a capital structure in which they had borrowed money from market then first preference will be of the repay such outstanding monies then the remaining amount is distributed among the shareholders (Andrikopoulos, 2009). According to the research made, it was observed that when the company opts for a ratio in which the proportion of debt is more than equity then the growth of the company will be maintained up to a certain level and after that the a point will come where the borrowing have to be included in the cost of the company and this will at the end reduce its market value. In the current scenario, considering the various expenses, it was suggested to invest the money that is borrowed from the market and retain its own money for further diversification (Yang, Chueh and Lee, 2014). Miller Modigliani theory of capital budgeting The theory of Miller Modigliani was given by two experts in the year 1950. This theory was based on the working conditions and assumptions of a perfect market scenario around. Certain assumptions which were a part of it are: No taxes paid by the companies There is no transactional cost in the buying and selling of the goods and services. There is no bankruptcy cost. There is similarity in the information that is available with the companies and investors. This means that the investors had complete knowledge of the internal affairs of the companies and will take the investment decision accordingly (Wong, 2015). The cost at which the borrowing are made from the market is same for everyone, be it a company or an investor (Brusov et al., 2011). The earnings before the interest and tax will not be effected by the capital structure in which there is more of debt ratio. According to them the valuation of any company is not relevant to capital structure. The theory further says that the company value is not dependent on what type of capital structure is opted. In fact if the company has higher growth vision and prospects the market value would be high. More shareholders would be attracted for investments (Cheng and Weiss, 2012). The theory worked on two propositions: It is observed in this theory that the market value of the company is not affected by the capital structure it applies. As there is an assumption that there are no taxes the structure of the company is of no use for the valuation. In a capital structure where the debts ratio is more than the equity, the risk of the equity holders increased which in return decreases the cost of debentures (Hung and Lin, 2014). Comparison with the current business perspective: It is discussed in the report that the theory of Miller Modigliani was based on some assumption which is not feasible in todays scenario. The working conditions now, make the theory irrelevant to be practically applied. The capital structure plays an important role in the investment decision of the company. As the capital structure makes the funds available for the companies for further investments. The debt equity ratio is to be properly maintained by the company (Lam, Zhang and Lee, 2013). If the company is debt oriented then arrangements have to be made to borrow the monies from the market at a reasonable rate of interest. The earning made from the application of the monies borrowed will be used first to payback the borrowed money. The situation of no tax, no transactional cost, no bankruptcy cost does and various other assumptions of the theory not exist in todays working environment. Hence, the theory stands irrelevant in the current working preferences (Magni, 2010). The capital structure is important to analyse the valuation of the company in the market. Conclusion During the research of for the preparation of the report it was observed that a structure which make the company capable of raising funds for investments from the available sourced is to be proportionately managed. The company can do the same opting for an equity oriented structure where the money invested in the operational cost is of the shareholders of the company, or can borrow the same from the market as well. It is also observed that in todays scenario the theory of Mille aad Modigliani stands irrelevant as the assumptions does not prevails today. The concept of which the theory was built cannot be practised in the business working preferences today. References Andrikopoulos, A., 2009, Irreversible investment, managerial discretion and optimal capital structure. Journal of Banking and Finance, vol. 33, no 4, pp 709-718. Brusov, P., Filatova, T., Orehova, N., Brusova, N., 2011, Weighted average cost of capital in the theory of ModiglianiMiller, modified for a finite lifetime company. Applied Financial Economics, vol. 21, no 11, pp 815-824. Cheng, J., Weiss, M., 2012, Capital Structure in the Property-Liability Insurance Industry: Tests of the Tradeoff and Pecking Order Theories. Journal of Insurance Issues, vol. 35, no 1, pp 1-43. Hung, Chen, Lin., 2014, The relationship with REITs and bank loans: Capital structure perspectives. Finance Research Letters, vol. 11, no 2, pp 140-152. Lam, S., Zhang, W., Lee, R., 2013, The Norm Theory of Capital Structure: International Evidence*. International Review of Finance, vol. 13, no 1, pp 111-135. Magni, C., 2010, Residual income and value creation: An investigation into the lost-capital paradigm. European Journal of Operational Research, vol. 201, no 2, pp 505-519. Wong, K., 2015, A regret theory of capital structure. Finance Research Letters, vol. 12, p 48. Yang, G., Chueh, H., Lee, C., 2014, examining the theory of capital structure: Signal factor hypothesis. Applied Economics, vol. 46, no 10, pp 1127-1133.

Napolean Bonaparte Essays (484 words) - Napoleon, French Emperors

Napolean Bonaparte Napoleon Bonaparte ? French Revolution Napoleon was the cure of the French Revolution when he came to power. It would be impossible to put them together. From what was chaos throughout France during the Revolution, came a new government that Napoleon created. He was able to balance the government's budgets and setting up national banks thus helping and supporting the economy of France. He was fair and allowed those who fled during the Revolution, to return, as long as they didn't affect him. He was able to receive support from the Bourgeois since he promoted officials depending on how they did in the job. Thus, the people stopped revolting and it would no longer retain the name Revolution to it. Napoleon was able to strengthen France from their weak states during the Revolution. He was able to invade and conquer much of Europe in which he added to his ever growing empire. He won most of the battles by defending his own people. He made blockades stopping his enemies and all their supplies. So, he was able to keep France safe while attacking and conquering other countries, showing how strong of a leader he was. When Napoleon was doing such feats, France was having the most power it ever had. No one was revolting against that. Napoleon created the Napoleonic Code, giving the country a simple set of rules to follow. It abolished the estate system. This was one of the main points of actually revolting so the people were obviously satisfied with Napoleon when he took office. But these laws still kept Napoleon powerful but the people had less liberty. Even though, their liberty was limited a majority of the French people were satisfied with the abolishment of the estates. If the people were satisfied, then a Revolution while Napoleon was in power, would be pointless. Napoleon was able to control his empire. Napoleon's empire did have a few problems like guerrillas kept attacking Napoleons army, but Napoleon, for the most part, was able to keep this chaos at a minimum. He took charge over his empire since he was the emperor. After Napoleon, no true revolts, if any, were strong enough to knock him out of power. He was such a strong leader that his fall was only because of his own mistake. Napoleon was an Emperor who mended France during the French Revolution and made the government the way that the people preferred it, for the most part. The main reason the French Revolution started was because of the government being unfair to the 3rd estate. Napoleon was able to fix the problem up and from that, France became prosperous. Although he didn't encompass the idea of liberty, he did satisfy the people with equality and fraternity. The French Revolution destroying the Old Regime which allowed Napoleon to reconstruct what was left from it for the good of the people. Bibliography n/a History Reports

Managing people

Managing people AbstractThe history of managing people has reflected prevailing beliefs and attitudes held in society about employees, the response of employers to public policy (for example, health and safety and employment legislation) and reactions to trade union growth. In the early stages of the Industrial Revolution, the extraordinary codes of discipline and fines imposed by factory owners were, in part, a response to the serious problem of imposing standards of discipline and regularity on an untrained workforce. In the 1840s common humanity and political pressure began to combine with enlightened self-interest among a few of the larger employers to make them aware of alternative ways of managing their workforce, other than coercion, sanctions, or monetary reward. Theorists also suggest that the ways in which organisations choose to manage their employees are in a state of transition. Labour management practices have assumed new prominence in the 1990s as concerns persisted about global compe tition, the internationalisation of technology and the productivity of workers.English: Watt's steam engine at the lobby of the H...It is argued that these market input push work organisations to adjust their system of managerial control strengthen effective utilisation of human resources.The assignment consist in studying the need for new approach to the management of people in order to reflect the way in which organisations are evolving at the start of the 21st century.To proceed I will first introduce the debate concerning organization evolution and the need for new approaches to manage people. Then I will carry out an review of new methods to managing people in the organisation context, as well as people management philosophy and practices which concentrate on the way in which organisation overall approach of people contribute to the effectiveness.I will conclude with the controversy between the Modernist and Post-Modernist paradigms in regard to management science and empirical research. A...

High Budget Deficits Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

High Budget Deficits - Essay Example Budget deficits, on the other hand, are the amounts in deficit of what the individuals spending, government or even a companies or corporations spending are short of the planned incomes from the entities sources. In another name, deficit spending may be the other terminology of budget deficits. Over the past years, budget deficits of countries, most so the developing countries, have attracted a lot of publicity. This has been majorly witnessed over the past two decades of which financial restructuring and turbulence have been witnessed (Associated Press 2010). The country where the impact is witnessed is attributable to the assorted financial ills bedeviling such countries; the countries base their expenditures from high debts due to extensive borrowing, high and ever growing rates of inflation and investment problems attributed to poor investment and their poor growth performance of such investments (Associated Press 2010). The poor government financial position, most so in regards to budgets, results to poor economic growth rates. The factors that fuel these rates are the poor growth of government revenues due to poor collection measures and tools. The budgeting process, which is not well structured, is also blamed for it in a major proportion. Others include the levels of economic development, which is low and unstable. World macroeconomic shocks, like the Great Depression and poor ways in which the government controls its expenditure, have in the past been witnessed to impact on the government financial position (Associated Press 2010). The methods used to finance any form of budget deficit will always result into an imbalance in one way or the other. For instance, if local borrowing is used, then the crowding out effect of the private investments occur leading to the collapse of the private firms which may even end up causing more harm to the economy. The budgeting process of most countries has so many loops and is, therefore, responsible for most countrie s budget deficits apart from the government participation in most economies and even the other factors as discussed above. According to reports, it is in record that budget deficits have several impacts on some economic sectors, such as private consumption, private investments, the T-bill rates, current account, and even money supply into the economy (BBC 2010). The aspects that the deficit has impact on as discussed above are major pillars for the measure of any economic growth of a country. Budget deficits have been recorded to reduce money supply into the economy; this majorly results when domestic borrowing is given an upper hand (BBC 2010). Intensified domestic borrowing may also lead to the collapse of private sector firms as a result of crowding out effect. I may, therefore, comfortably conclude that budget deficits in any economy are harmful to economic growth rates since they lower the growth rates. The causes of budget deficit are many and they include most major governmen t stakeholders (individuals, companies, and corporations) who evade taxation. It is in record that many US firms use the fair share of the infrastructure by the government but they don’t pay their fair share of the taxation; they use the roads, defense, grants and even emergency services (BBC 2010). Despite the companies making huge profits from the countries resources, they try as much as they could to evade

First of all its necessary to consider Hecksher and Ohlin theory Essay

First of all its necessary to consider Hecksher and Ohlin theory - Essay Example Countries have comparative advantage in those goods for which the required factors of production are relatively abundant. This is because the prices of goods are ultimately determined by the prices of their inputs. Goods that require inputs that are locally abundant will be cheaper to produce than those goods that require inputs that are locally scarce. For example, a country where capital and land are abundant but labor is scarce will have comparative advantage in goods that require lots of capital and land, but little labor - grains, for example. Since capital and land are abundant, their prices will be low. Those low prices will ensure that the price of the grain that they are used to produce will also be low - and thus attractive for both local consumption and export. Labor intensive goods on the other hand will be very expensive to produce since labor is scarce and its price is high. Therefore, the country is better off importing those goo The Ricardian model of comparative advantage has trade ultimately motivated by differences in labour productivity using different technologies. Heckscher and Ohlin didn't require production technology to vary between countries, so (in the interests of simplicity) the H-O model has identical production technology everywhere. ... The H-O model removed technology variations but introduced variable capital endowments, recreating endogenously the inter-country variation of labour productivity that Ricardo had imposed exogenously. With international variations in the capital endowment (i.e. infrastructure) and goods requiring different factor proportions, Ricardo's comparative advantage emerges as a profit-maximizing solution of capitalist's choices from within the model's equations. (The decision capital owners are faced with is between investments in differing production technologies: The H-O model assumes capital is privately held.) Original publication Bertil Ohlin published the book which first explained the theory in 1933. Although he wrote the book alone, Heckscher was credited as co-developer of the model, because of his earlier work on the problem, and because many of the ideas in the final model came from Ohlin's doctoral thesis, supervised by Heckscher. Interregional and International Trade itself was verbose, rather than being pared down to the mathematical, and appealed because of its new insights. [edit] The 2x2x2 model The original H-O model assumed that the only difference between countries was the relative abundances of labour and capital. The original Heckscher-Ohlin model contained two countries, and had two commodities that could be produced. Since there are two (homogeneous) factors of production this model is sometimes called the "222 model". The model has variable factor proportions between countries: Highly developed countries have a comparatively high ratio of capital to labour in relation to developing countries. This makes the developed country capital-abundant relative to the developing nation, and the developing nation

How to write a essay Essay Example for Free

How to write a essay Essay Getting into college could be as easy as memorizing the alphabet just like a preschooler. But, getting into college with a scholarship is a whole different thing. From the thousands of college applicants aiming for a scholarship, how will you make your essay application stand out? There are millions of essay examples over the internet but, you need to come up with an essay that will get you that scholarship. Tips on How to Write a Good Scholarship Essay: 1. Read instructions carefully College application can become a common thing for you. You might actually get the feeling of doing the same thing over and over like answering the same question for the nth number of times. No matter how similar college applications are, you have to read and understand the instructions well. If you want to land on a good school for college with a scholarship, everything starts with reading and comprehending the instructions. 2. Organize your thoughts After reading the instructions, it’s time to line up your thoughts to make an effective essay that will get you that scholarship. Look for essay samples on the internet or in books. Have a sort of survey from resources that will help you fill in the contents of your essay. It is difficult to start writing an essay, but with organized ideas, you can do it efficiently and effectively. 3. Make an outline When you get a general idea of the essay contents, you can now make an outline of specific details that will be included in your composition. Essay examples usually present general ideas down to the specific. Having an outline is very helpful to keep your essay consistent and focused on a particular topic. 4. Discuss every topic based on the instruction Paying attention to details or instructions is actually part of writing the essay for a scholarship application. Make sure that every topic asked in the essay questions is discussed in the whole composition. Remember that you only have one chance of writing an essay that will make a lasting impression on your college application. 5. Use simple language format and make sure your grammar is perfect Do not try to impress readers of your essay. Even if you are in college, you are not expected to use highfaluting words, but rather make your sentences simple and clear. No matter how technical your vocabulary is but poor grammar is an indication of a lousy essay. 6. Avoid bragging about your achievements Although it is important that you include your achievements as this will help your scholarship application, however you only need to do this if you are asked to do so. Avoid bragging, instead, talk about your achievements simply. It is also good to include the lessons you have learned in gaining such success. 7. Have someone edit and check your work To ensure that you are submitting an essay that will get you the scholarship, have an expert check your work. An editor or a previous professor can help you improve and validate how excellent or poor your essay is. Essay Writing First paragraph — Introduction The first paragraph is essential in capturing the attention of your readers. It is called an introduction as it gives an overview of what your essay is all about. The first paragraph should be similar to an â€Å"About Me† part of a reading material. Make it as simple as possible and dynamically connected to your next point. Second Paragraph – Important Details The second paragraph should support your introduction. This section includes more detail and usually the start of elaboration for every point or question. Say for example, state reasons why you should qualify for the scholarship; state your accomplishments; why are you choosing a particular course and the like. Third paragraph – Future Goals The third paragraph should speak of your future goals and your vision after pursuing a college degree. Goals have to be specific, and should reflect an action plan after your college graduation. Fourth paragraph – The Best Candidate End your essay by stating reasons why you are the best candidate to be chosen for the scholarship. State two to three main points from the previous paragraphs. Do not forget to note your appreciation for the readers of your essay for taking the time to read your essay. Composing your ideas and putting them in writing is never easy. It can be stressful and puts on a lot of pressure, especially when your future depends on this essay for a scholarship grant. There are many essay examples you can find on the web today.